Dielectric Constant Confirmed as a Robust Tc-Enhancement Mechanism

16 February 2025
*REVISED 21 Sept. 2025
Superconductors.ORG

        In 2014 Superconductors.ORG found signs that the dielectric constant (relative permittivity K) of substructures within a superconductor lattice correlated directly with Tc, the critical transition temperature. But those signs were in a low-volume-fraction superconductor. In a low-VF superconductor which atomic sites are being occupied by which atoms can often be the subject of much debate. Now for the first time the link between Kappa and Tc has been confirmed in a high-VF superconductor, where the structure is well established.

       A superconductor discovered some 20 years ago turned out to be an ideal testbed for confirmation of a correlation between Kappa and Tc. Above right, in a plot of Sn2Ba2(Ca0.5Tm0.5)Cu3O8+, there are tin atoms in the insulating cation layers of the 3212 structure. Tin-oxide (SnO) nanowire has a Kappa of only 2.3. But, when alloyed with antimony, SnSb has a Kappa of 147 — more than 63 times as great. Additionally, tin and antimony have nearly identical ionic radii that should allow them to occupy the same atomic sites. This makes a 50-50 mix of tin and antimony suitable for boosting the sub-structure Kappa of this material without radically altering the planar-weight-ratio (PWR) — which has also been found to promote Tc.

       The above right magnetization test shows diamagnetic (Meissner) transitions reaching minimum at 118 Kelvin in the original Sn2-3212 formulation. Above left, the transition in the improved SnSb-3212 upgrade reaches minimum near 147 Kelvin - an increase in Tc of 29 degrees. Both formulations show a diamagnetic shift greater than 250 milliGauss. The gradual slope of the SnSb transition suggests the cation layers are now over-doped with electrons and has resulted in a weaker phase. The below resistance test was performed to confirm superconductivity is still present. While the quiescent noise level increased, there is an unmistakable resistance drop near 147K.



       The below (2014) graph shows the Kappa-Tc correlation in the low-VF superconductor Tl7Sn2Ba2(Si,Ti,Mn)Cu10O20+, which was improved by increasing the dielectric constant of its anion. This seems to suggest that Tc can be increased through permittivity adjustments to either the cation or anion layers.




       Stoichiometric amounts of the below chemicals were used in the synthesis of these compounds:

BaCO3   99.95%   (Alfa Aesar)   (decomposes to BaO during calcination)
Tm2O3   99.99%   (Stanford Materials)
CaCO3   99.95%   (Alfa Aesar)   (decomposes to CaO during calcination)
SnO   99.9%   (Alfa Aesar)
Sb2O3   99.999%   (Alfa Aesar)
CuO   99.995%   (Alfa Aesar)

       The chemical precursors were mixed thoroughly and pelletized. Since antimony-oxide has such a low melting point, the mix was pre-sintered for 12 hours at 640C. Then the pellet was calcined at 770C for 2 hours and sintered overnight at 880C. Lastly, it was annealed for 10+ hours at 500C in flowing O2. Testing temperatures were determined using an Omega type "T" thermocouple. The magnetometer employed a single Honeywell SS94A1F Hall-effect sensor with a sensitivity of 25 mv/Gauss operating within an ambient magnetic field of 550 - 600 milliGauss

      *One of the 2 Hall Effect sensors in the magnetometer was found to be malfunctioning in the original tests. Subsequent tests were performed using a single sensor. Though the data plots changed, the results are the same: There is an unambiguous correlation between dielectric constant and superconductor Tc.

RESEARCH NOTE: The copper-oxides are strongly hygroscopic. All tests should be performed immediately after annealing.


E. Joe Eck
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